Research and experimental development (R & D), basic research, applied research, experimental development, product innovation... Do you know these concepts about science and technology?

Research and experimental development (R & D) refers to the systematic and creative activities in the field of science and technology in order to increase the total amount of knowledge and use these knowledge to create new applications, including basic research, applied research and experimental development. The scale and intensity of R & D activities are usually used to reflect a country's scientific and technological strength and core competitiveness.

Basic research refers to the experimental or theoretical research carried out in order to obtain new knowledge about the basic principles of phenomena and observable facts (to reveal the essence of objective things and the laws of motion, and to obtain new discoveries and new theories). It does not aim at any special or specific application or use. Its achievements are mainly in the form of scientific papers and works. It is used to reflect the original innovation ability of knowledge.

Applied research refers to the creative research for acquiring new knowledge, mainly aiming at a specific purpose or goal. The purpose of applied research is to determine the possible uses of basic research results, or to explore new methods (Principles) or new ways to achieve the predetermined goals. Its achievements are mainly in the form of scientific papers, monographs, theoretical models or invention patents. It is used to reflect the exploration on the application of basic research results.

Experimental development refers to the systematic work carried out to produce new products, materials and devices, establish new processes, systems and services, and substantially improve the above-mentioned items that have been produced and established by using the existing knowledge obtained from basic research, applied research and practical experience. The main forms of its achievements are patents, proprietary technology, product prototypes with basic features of new products or original prototypes with basic features of new devices. In the field of Social Sciences, experimental development refers to the process of transforming knowledge obtained through basic research and applied research into feasible plans (including demonstration projects for inspection and evaluation). There is no corresponding experimental development activity in the field of humanities. It mainly reflects the ability to transform scientific research achievements into technologies and products, which is the materialized achievements of science and technology to promote economic and social development.

Product innovation refers to the new or improved products. The "new" of product innovation should be reflected in the function or characteristics of the product, including the significant improvement in technical specifications, materials, components, user friendliness, etc. It does not include products with only appearance changes or other minor changes, and does not include direct resale. "New" here means that the product must be new to the enterprise, but not necessarily new to other enterprises or the whole market. Products here include both goods and services. Examples of product innovation in goods include new energy vehicles and new function mobile phones; examples of product innovation in service include new warranty services, such as significantly extended warranty period of new products.

Process innovation refers to the new or significantly improved production methods, process equipment or auxiliary activities. The "new" of process innovation should be embodied in technology, equipment or process; it must be new to the enterprise, but not necessarily new to other enterprises or the whole market. It does not include the change of simple organization and management mode. The auxiliary activities here refer to the purchasing, logistics, financial and information activities of enterprises.

Organizational (Management) innovation refers to the new organizational management mode that enterprises have never used before, which mainly involves the business model, organizational structure or external relations of enterprises. Does not include pure merger or acquisition. Organizational (Management) innovation should be the result of strategic decision of enterprise management. "New" here means that it must be new to the enterprise, but not necessarily new to other enterprises.

Marketing innovation refers to the adoption of brand-new marketing concepts or marketing strategies that enterprises have never used before, mainly involving product (service) design or packaging, product (service) promotion, product (service) sales channel, product (service) pricing, etc. It does not include seasonal, cyclical changes and other conventional marketing changes. "New" here means that it must be new to the enterprise, but not necessarily new to other enterprises or the whole market.

The sales revenue of new products refers to the sales revenue realized by enterprises selling new products in the reporting period. New products refer to the new products developed and produced by adopting new technical principles and new design ideas, or the products with obvious improvement in structure, material and technology compared with the original products, so as to significantly improve the product performance or expand the use function. It includes not only the new products that have been certified by the relevant government departments and are within the validity period, but also the new products developed by the enterprises themselves but not recognized by the relevant government departments within one year from the date of production.

Patent is the abbreviation of patent right, which is the exclusive right granted to the inventor and designer by the patent office according to the patent law after the invention creation of the inventor has passed the examination. It includes invention, utility model and design. Reflect the technological and design achievements with independent intellectual property rights.

Invention (patent) refers to a new technical proposal for a product, method or improvement thereof. It is an internationally accepted core index reflecting the technology with independent intellectual property rights.

Utility model (patent) refers to a new technical solution which is suitable for practical application for the shape, structure or combination of the product. Reflect the technical achievements with certain technical content.

Design (patent) refers to the shape, pattern, color or combination of the product, which is aesthetic and suitable for industrial application. Reflect the design achievements with independent intellectual property rights.

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